US China chip war: reality, logic and thinking - Part 2

1. Reflections on some countermeasures for the Sino-US chip dispute

General Secretary Xi Jinping of China once said: "The process of mastering the core technology is very difficult, but this path must be taken." The grim reality is that the United States not only has its own advantages in the core field of chips, but also owns 15 of the world's largest semiconductor companies. 8, and there are multiple assistances from South Korea, Japan, the Netherlands and other allied systems led by it, as well as advanced foundry companies such as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. of China. On the one hand, China has to face the United States' continuous suppression and containment of China's chip industry by virtue of its combined domestic and foreign chip strength advantages, and on the other hand, it faces some fundamental problems in semiconductor technology. For example, 3nm lithography machines, EDA design tools, and semiconductor equipment and materials, etc., are very difficult to solve restrictive problems involving the industrial foundation and accumulation of industrial civilization. Catch up with strategic design to overcome these difficulties one by one.

(1) China must rely on talents and craftsmanship

Of course, for China, if it wants to prevent others from being "stuck" in technology, the most fundamental way is to be self-reliant, self-reliant, self-reliant, tenacious, relying on "talents to strengthen the core", and working hard to tackle difficult areas of integrated circuits. Solve problems in key chip manufacturing equipment, advanced design software and high-end chip technology. Especially in chip foundry manufacturing, it is necessary to show a craftsman spirit that is not impetuous, not careless, and tenacious. Chip manufacturing is a highly capital-intensive industry. As far as current prices are concerned, it is estimated that more than 50 billion yuan will be needed to build a new 300mm wafer manufacturing plant that produces 28nm to 180nm process chips and has a monthly production capacity of 100,000 pieces. Obviously, these tens of billions of funds must be invested in a reliable technical team that is truly capable of undertaking such a huge investment. The so-called "reliable technical team" means that everyone from managers to engineers must be educated, qualified, disciplined, and capable. Front-line engineers who are hard-working, team spirit and craftsman spirit. The semiconductor industry belongs to the micro-processing industry, which requires high technical level of front-line engineers. It needs long-term training and 5-10 years of technical accumulation. Any training that takes shortcuts will not work. There are more than 1,000 processes in the chip production process, and as long as one process is not done well, it may lead to a sharp drop in yield or even waste products, which will lead to wasted efforts. For this reason, every process and link of the chip factory must arrange specialized talents, and none of them is dispensable.

In addition, if China wants to be self-reliant and self-reliant in the chip industry, it must also overcome the lack of mutual communication and coordination across the country, and rush to launch, resulting in a high degree of dispersion and dilution of limited talents and other scientific and technological resources. There are too few "enterprises", the homogenization of industrial fields and the serious phenomenon of low-level redundant construction. In the final analysis, these problems are the low efficiency of the use of talents, and by improving the efficiency of the use of talents across the country, scientifically rational and relatively concentrated use of talents is equivalent to an increase in human resources. In addition, to promote the strategy of strengthening the country with talents, China must not only cultivate and use its own chip technology talents, but also make full use of the technical and management talents who have worked in semiconductor companies in various countries for many years, which is equivalent to saving a lot of running-in time and costs.

Based on the miniaturization of existing chip technology (the number of nanometers of line width tends to be 2 nanometers or even 1 nanometer), the chip industry may soon be unable to continue the development speed of Moore's Law (chip processing capacity doubles every 18-24 months). . Faced with this new situation, in the process of independent innovation, China should not only catch up with the advanced technologies of other countries in the world, but also strive to find another way to achieve path innovation. For example, in the development of fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI), 3D packaging, photonic chips, etc., under the impact of the chip line width approaching the physical limit of 1 nanometer, various new materials, new technologies, new processes, and new algorithms have been developed. Chips will continue to emerge. We can't just follow the existing technology path step by step, but we must find an innovation path that does not depend on the existing supply chain system, and strive to achieve a subversive leap in human computing power.

(2) Implementing separate strategies for "advanced manufacturing process" and "mature manufacturing process"

In May 2020, the United States restricted TSMC and other semiconductor foundry companies from providing chips for Huawei HiSilicon, which had a huge impact on China's chip industry and communications industry. At first, Huawei was cut off from supplying 5nm chips produced by companies such as TSMC, which were also "higher-end" chips in the advanced process (14nm, 7nm, 5nm to 3nm) at that time, and the precision that China could manufacture The highest lithography machine is the 90-nanometer lithography machine of Shanghai Microelectronics Corporation (that is, the lithography machine that can manufacture 90-nanometer chips), which is far from the 5-nanometer and 3-nanometer EUV lithography machines of the Dutch ASML company. Currently, TSMC, Samsung, and Intel all rely on EUV lithography machines to manufacture 5nm chips. Obviously, China's existing lithography machine capabilities are far from being able to meet Huawei's needs for the production of high-end consumer electronics such as smartphones and personal computers.

Advanced process chips are mainly used in mass consumer electronics fields such as mobile phones, tablets, and computers. Their value is mainly reflected in meeting the broad market demand for hundreds of millions of mass consumer goods such as smartphones and personal computers, and have the advantage of economies of scale. For example, in 2021, the number of mobile phones sold by Samsung in South Korea, Apple in the United States, and Xiaomi in China will be 271.5 million, 236.2 million, and 190.2 million, respectively. However, although the sales of mass consumer electronics products using advanced process chips are huge, there are not many application fields for advanced process chips at present, and there is another problem that the more advanced the chip (the lower the number of nanometers), the higher the R&D and processing costs question. In contrast, although most of the low-end chips with mature processes do not have the "massive" market demand of high-end chips with advanced processes, they are used in most life and production scenarios because of low requirements on the process level, and have "economy of scope". advantage, which leads to a higher share of mature process chips in the overall chip market than advanced process chips. For example, from an international perspective, in view of high processing costs and other issues, developed countries and their companies are not all pursuing chips with the most advanced manufacturing process: the most advanced mass production process mastered by Intel Corporation of the United States is still 10 nanometers; In countries with highly developed automobile industries, the most advanced chip manufacturing process is 40 nanometers, mainly producing automotive chips, single-chip microcomputers, etc.; the largest foundry company in Europe is GlobalFoundries' factory in Dresden, Germany. The company is also mostly stuck at the 14nm process. Among the global wafer sales in 2021, the total sales of mature process chips of 28nm and above accounted for 76%, and 86% of the shipments of 300mm wafers. Due to the rapid growth of China's mature chip production, China's semiconductor manufacturing share of the global market has risen from less than 1% in 1990 to 15% in 2021.

It is worth noting that in some industrial and military fields, advanced process chips are obviously not as reliable as mature process chips. Advanced process chips have low power consumption, high performance, small area, high cost performance, high market competition pressure, fine and fragile (suitable for general life scenarios, such as the impact of occasionally dropping a mobile phone on the ground can still withstand), but in the market competition In the field of military chips, where there is little pressure on mass production and product cost, people pay more attention to the reliability and durability of chips in various extreme environments. For example, the temperature ranges required for normal operation of civilian chips, industrial chips, and military chips are very different. The civilian grade requires 0°C-70°C, the industrial grade requires -40°C-85°C, and the military grade requires -55°C-125°C. This is only an indicator of temperature. Industrial and military grade chips also have anti-interference and anti-shock Even aerospace-level radiation resistance and other requirements, these requirements are difficult to meet with more sophisticated and smaller advanced process chips.

As mentioned above, although advanced process chips are very "high-end", the manufacturing technology is very difficult, and the scope of application also has its limitations. Nowadays, some people often talk about who made the chip to reach a few nanometers, and the smaller the nanometer, the more advanced. However, for a complex and huge chip industry, the manufacturing process (line width) is not the only criterion for measuring the value of chips. Many fields do not need advanced manufacturing processes such as 7nm, 5nm, and 3nm. Mature processes of 28nm, 40nm, and 55nm are sufficient. For example, automotive chips are a field that has received rapid attention in recent years. In 2022, there will be a shortage of automotive MCU chips using mature manufacturing processes in the chip market. The manufacturing process of such chips is mainly 40 nanometers. The volume reached 52.4 billion pieces, indicating that the sales volume of some "mature process" chips can also match the massive market demand for mass electronic consumer goods such as mobile phones using "advanced process".

The chip manufacturing process is determined by the core equipment for manufacturing chips --- lithography machine, and lithography machine, EDA tools, and key semiconductor equipment and materials are called "the root of the chip industry". China must not only pay attention to the development of mature process chips, but also must not relax the pace of marching towards advanced process chips through vigorously developing advanced lithography machine technology, because with technological progress, the era of Internet of Things + artificial intelligence is accelerating, and the demand for advanced process chips The demand will increase day by day. China should not only enter into advanced process chip manufacturing equipment led by lithography machines with elite enterprises, but also develop mature process chips and expand their application scope with the main force, lead innovation in the field of mature chip applications, and integrate mature process production lines, supply In particular, we must grasp the manufacturing and supply of "key chips" (such as automotive chips) in mature processes, strengthen the profitability and system competitiveness in mature process areas, increase the localization rate, and strive to expand mature process chips. The range of applications, such as cloud services, autonomous driving, electric vehicles, smart cities, photovoltaics, teaching equipment, hospital equipment, even coal mining equipment, and home decoration, etc., to manufacture the chips needed for various creative electronic products that emerge in an endless stream, and mature Process products to achieve the ultimate. As Wu Hanming, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, pointed out: "China's top priority is to increase chip production capacity and increase the proportion of domestic chips, rather than focusing on the 14nm and 7nm markets. To achieve independent and controllable mature process technologies of 28nm and above is more important than tackling 7 Nano is more meaningful." This means that China must first stand firmly on the "platform" of mature process chips, and make efforts to climb the "high platform" of advanced process as a long-term goal.

(3) Open the gap in the "chip containment" of the United States

The United States hinders China's deep integration into the global integrated circuit industry chain and innovation network in order to achieve the goal of "de-sinicization" of the global advanced process industry chain. China must confront each other and do the opposite. On the one hand, it must insist on independent innovation, self-reliance and self-improvement, and strengthen China's independent chip industry chain. On the other hand, it must strengthen opening up, change the geopolitical environment, and actively carry out "chip diplomacy" to make China There is still a wide space for foreign exchanges in the chip industry, and it is necessary to build confidence to open the gap in the containment of chips planned by the United States against China.

The confidence that China can "open the gap" first comes from the United States coercing its allies to jointly suppress and block the development of China's chip industry out of self-interest, which is extremely wrong and unpopular. The erroneous actions of the United States have seriously disrupted the operation and development of the global chip industry chain and supply chain. The dissatisfaction and even resistance of the chip-related business circles in countries such as China, Japan, and South Korea. Next, China chooses China, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Israel, and the European Union to see how big the gap or potential gap is in the U.S. chip containment

1. Chip investment: Take foreign chip companies and Taiwanese companies investing in factories in mainland China as an example

China's huge chip market has now become South Korea's Samsung, South Korea's Hynix, China Taiwan's TSMC, the United States Intel, the United States GlobalFoundries, the United States Bandai Semiconductor, the European ST, the United States Jiezhi Semiconductor, and mainland Internet giants, etc. On the stage of "competition", the total production capacity of fabs established by foreign companies and Taiwanese companies in mainland China is almost the same as that of local manufacturers in mainland China. In addition, one of the world's top ten wafer foundries, Israel's High Tower Semiconductor Company, is in contact with many domestic cities such as Ningbo and Hefei, intending to set up a new 300mm production line in the Chinese market. The company signed a contract to finalize the landing in the Chinese market.

Facts have shown that the entry of high-tech companies from Europe, the United States, Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan in the 1990s brought positive impacts in many ways. In addition to entering the Chinese market to sell products and investing in China In addition, in order to expand the market, foreign-funded enterprises will also seek common development with Chinese customers and supplier partners to form a good "ecology" of the chip industry. It can be seen that attracting US-funded, Korean-funded and other foreign-funded chip companies and Taiwan-funded foundries (which can be collectively referred to as "foreign chip technology teams") is a major gap for China to break through the US chip blockade

2. Chip trade: Take South Korea and Israel as examples

From 1993 to 2021, the trade surplus with China accounted for as high as 86.0% of South Korea's trade surplus, and chips, as South Korea's largest export product, are the largest source of South Korea's trade surplus with China. Once chip exports decrease, not only will it lead to a decrease in the trade surplus with China, but South Korea's overall trade surplus will also decrease accordingly.

As a big chip manufacturing country, South Korea currently has five fabs (including four 300mm fabs and one 200mm fab), and about 60% of the chips it produces are exported to the Chinese market. South Korea's semiconductor discrete devices, The export dependence on China for memory chips, metal materials and diodes is also over 40%. South Korean semiconductor companies have invested heavily in China. Since 2012, Samsung Group has invested a total of 26 billion US dollars in the online construction of the world's leading semiconductor storage chip factory. The relevant investment has remained the largest in China's electronic information industry since the reform and opening up. Since 2005, SK Hynix has invested more than US$20 billion in its Wuxi factory, making it the largest single foreign investment project in Jiangsu Province. Obviously, South Korea will not give up on the Chinese market. In particular, it is expected that China's chip consumption will surpass that of the United States around 2025. At that time, South Korean companies' dependence on the Chinese market will be further deepened, and it will be difficult for South Korea to find a market that can replace China. At the same time, South Korea relies heavily on China for semiconductor materials, new energy batteries, and some high-end manufacturing industries, and nearly 30% of its raw materials and parts come from China. South Korea cannot lose its import sources of these important high-tech products. China needs to further improve its diplomatic relations with South Korea, so that the United States' containment policy will lose its important support.

In March 2022, after the United States planned to form a "chip four-party alliance" (CHIP4) including the United States, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan in order to counter China, the South Korean government did not immediately express its position. "Prudent attitude", "no intention to exclude China" and "do not want to damage South Korea-China relations because of CHIP4". In this regard, the United States has to adopt a certain degree of "tolerance" attitude in order not to damage the relationship between the United States and South Korea and its own commercial interests.

Israel is the only developed country that has not signed the Wassenaar Agreement. Over the years, semiconductor exports have accounted for more than half of Israel's exports to China. Israel's semiconductor industry is highly complementary to the Chinese market, and its advantages lie in its excellent design and development capabilities, interaction capabilities, integration capabilities, and close links with application fields. Mellanox, a well-known Israeli semiconductor manufacturer, is famous for producing data center chips and hardware components that support cloud services. Its founder and CEO Waldman once said that his company has benefited from the rapid growth of its business in China. increase.

3. Cooperation and trade in chip manufacturing equipment and materials: Japan as an example

China is an important customer of Japan's semiconductor materials and chip manufacturing equipment such as lithography machines. The annual trade volume between China and Japan in semiconductors reaches billions of dollars. Japanese companies will not give up this huge market.

In the chip manufacturing industry chain, lithography is the chip manufacturing equipment technology that is most stuck in China's neck. Therefore, the development of Sino-Japanese cooperation in the field of lithography machines is of great significance to the development of chip technology in China. In November 2021, Nikon's DUV lithography machine publicly showed its favor at the 4th China International Import Expo. Chinese companies also plan to provide funds to two Japanese lithography machine companies to jointly develop new models other than extreme ultraviolet lithography machines. The lithography machine pushes the Sino-Japanese lithography cooperation to a new stage and a new level. Compared with ASML in the Netherlands, which is technically subject to the United States, the lithography machine technology of Nikon and other Japanese companies is basically domestically produced in Japan, and the "long-arm jurisdiction" of the United States cannot control it.

China and Japan also maintain good trade and cooperation relations in the field of semiconductor materials. In the global semiconductor material market, Japanese companies account for 66% (2019 figures). Among the 19 main materials, 14 in Japan have a market share of more than 50%. In the four core semiconductor material fields of silicon wafer, photoresist, electronic specialty gas and mask glue, Japan has three of which account for 70% of the share. The silicon wafers of Japan's Shin-Etsu Chemical and other two companies account for 60% of the global supply area, and their purity is as high as 99.99% (11 nines). There are only a few countries in the world that need to import a large amount of semiconductor materials and equipment. The United States is forcing Japan to decouple the semiconductor market from China, which is an unbearable pain for Japanese semiconductor material and equipment manufacturers.

4. Chip research and development: taking the EU as an example

Compared with the United States, Europe pays more attention to science, so that there is a saying of "Newton's Europe and Edison's America". Newton symbolizes foundation, theory and science, and Edison symbolizes application, invention and technology. From the scientific and technological characteristics of Europe, it is not difficult to understand that the cooperation between China and Europe in the chip technology industry started from the field of chip research and development. According to the report data, EU researchers published 11 research papers in cooperation with Chinese experts in the field of chip research and development in 2020, accounting for 7% of the 164 papers published by the EU, and co-authored 4 papers with Japan (accounting for 2%). The United States co-authored 34 papers (accounting for 21%). From this, it can be seen that although the United States still ranks first among the EU's chip R&D partners, China surpassed Japan for the first time in 2020 and became the EU's second most important research partner in the chip field.

The European Union used to be a strong player in the world's chip industry. In 2000, the European Union accounted for 24% of the global chip market, but currently Europe only accounts for 8% of the global chip market. The EU's retreat in the chip market is related to the chip squeeze of the United States. American companies use their patent advantages to suppress not only European chip companies, but also European mobile phone companies. Today, Ericsson mobile phones in Europe have disappeared, Nokia mobile phones are dying, and STMicroelectronics has also withdrawn from the chip industry. These facts make the EU feel great dissatisfaction and anger.

As more and more European companies join the camp against the US monopoly, Huawei, TSMC and other companies have chosen to support the development of the EU, hoping to break the US chip monopoly around the world through the construction of these domestic and foreign companies in the future.

5. Other potential gaps

(1) Contradictions between the U.S. chip-related business community and the government's wrong policies

China is the world's largest chip market and the world's largest consumer market for electronic products (almost all of which contain chips), accounting for about half of the world's total semiconductor chip consumption. Obviously, only China has such a huge market capacity in the field of semiconductor chips, which makes it difficult for American chip technology-related companies to enter the Chinese market. In recent years, when the U.S. government is doing everything possible to suppress China's high-tech industry, the U.S. high-tech industry is trying to seek changes. Many U.S. chip manufacturers, including Intel, which has established a fab in China, have cooperated with the U.S. The Semiconductor Industry Association once communicated with U.S. government officials, hoping to reduce the so-called "technical guardrail" to China, worried that the loss of the vast Chinese market would cause its overseas sales to shrink, and requested that part of the proposed "Chips and Science Act" be released. business, allowing these semiconductor companies to have some room for development in mainland China. China should realize that private enterprises are often an important driving force for globalization. The U.S. government has its own geopolitical logic, while enterprises and markets have their own commercial market logic. Only in this way can enterprises be invigorated.

In September 2022, U.S. Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer and others attempted to include an amendment in the final version of the 2023 National Defense Authorization Act requiring U.S. federal agencies and their contractors to stop using SMIC, Chips produced by Chinese companies such as Yangtze River Storage and Changxin Storage have been unanimously opposed by business groups in different fields in the United States. Business groups, including the Aerospace Industries Association, the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, the National Defense Industries Association, the Wireless Communications and Internet Association, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, have signed a letter to the U.S. Senate stating that chips are ubiquitous and that it is necessary to identify the chips contained in a large number of electronic products Whether it is produced by a Chinese company is very costly and difficult. The joint letter also said that finding these chips in common appliances such as toasters, or forcing federal contractors such as paper suppliers to undertake such a difficult task, will not further strengthen the national security of the United States. Under the joint opposition of the U.S. business community, the amendment to the final version of the National Defense Authorization Act no longer prohibits contractors from using chips produced by Chinese companies. The latest draft also narrows the scope of the restrictions, saying they apply only to projects of government "critical systems," such as telecommunications or information networks used for intelligence activities, military command and weapons. This is an example of the US government loosening restrictions on chips from China due to opposition from the business community.

In January 2023, the American Semiconductor Industry Association, which represents 99% of American chip companies, issued a report saying that the United States' continuous suppression of China may damage the entire American semiconductor industry. For example, after the U.S. government imposed strict sanctions on China's chip and supercomputer industries, several U.S. semiconductor companies lost about $240 billion worth of stock almost overnight. The Boston Consulting Group has also estimated that if Washington implements a hard technology decoupling, US chip companies will lose 18% of the global market share and 37% of revenue. In response to the reactions and trends of the American business community, China must make full use of American chip companies and their consortiums and organizations to influence or change the wrong decisions of the US government in the chip industry through lobbying and other means in order to safeguard their own interests. Chip containment has positive significance.

(2) Dutch ASML Company

Since 2019, ASML has been unable to export EUV machines to China, a huge market. However, the Netherlands has its own national interests, and China is an important trading partner. In fact, some officials are extremely dissatisfied with the actions of the United States. Expanding this gap into a trade channel is a promising and worthwhile endeavor. After all, in doing business in a peaceful environment, it is impossible for the United States to exert its hegemony with high intensity forever and damage the economic interests of its allies for a long time.

In short, the United States, Japan, South Korea, and the European Union are by no means monolithic, and companies in each country must pursue their own interests and expand foreign trade in technological products. China is currently the largest chip-related market in the world and is still expanding. It has a strong market attraction like a magnet. It is absolutely impossible for the United States to build a high-tech blockade against China. It is impossible to "completely" cut off the technical communication, especially in the Internet age. In recent years, the global e-commerce platform (eWTP) advocated by Ma Yun creates a new real economy through the Internet and supports small and medium-sized enterprises in the United States and even countries around the world to enter the global market. Technical barriers, because small and medium-sized enterprises in Japan, the United States, Europe and South Korea are the "treasure house" of advanced technology

2. Improve the geopolitical environment and ensure a loose space for foreign exchanges

Semiconductor chips can only reflect their value through "application". On the one hand, it has a "massive" mass consumer electronics market such as smart phones and personal computers, and it also has differentiated and diversified products such as automobiles, Internet of Things, electronic appliances, and weapons and equipment. and dynamic market segments. According to the forecast of IC Insights, a research institution, the sales of China's IC market will reach 223 billion US dollars in 2025. This means that one of China's huge advantages in chips lies in its "application", its irreplaceable huge market size, and its "chip diplomacy" for semiconductor chip-related companies in various countries. China needs to make good use of China's huge "chip application scale advantage" from both domestic and international aspects.

However, with the turmoil in the international geopolitical environment, especially the long-term deterioration of Sino-US relations, China's chip industry may face long-term difficulties. On December 12, 2022, China officially lodged an accusation with the WTO: the United States has generalized the concept of national security, abused export control measures, hindered the normal international trade of chips and other products, threatened the stability of the global industrial chain and supply chain, and disrupted the international economic and trade order. Evil acts that violate international economic and trade rules and economic laws are also extremely typical trade protectionism. China's accusations against the United States have aroused reaction and sympathy in the business circles of many countries around the world, which will help China win more chip-related industry partners around the world.

At present, China has certain capabilities in the entire chip industry chain, and is the largest chip importer and low-end chip exporter in the global chip market. At present, the global semiconductor industry is in a downward stage, the market has more say, and the Chinese market is more attractive to foreign businessmen. Western countries including the United States, especially foreign-funded enterprises in China, still hope to make money from China in the semiconductor market with low- and mid-level technology. Even the United States, which has severely suppressed China's chip industry, needs to keep China "alive in the low-end market" in order to do business with China. As for Japan, Europe, South Korea, Israel and other countries, they have a highly complementary relationship with China in the semiconductor industry. Although the governments of some countries have followed the trend of the United States, the business community has expressed concern and dissatisfaction with this, and most international companies are also willing to cooperate with China. Chinese cooperation. It can be seen that China needs to create an open, inclusive, friendly, mutually beneficial and win-win global chip economy and industrial chain cooperation belt in the severe and complex international environment.

It is necessary to develop the spirit of independence and hard work, but independence is by no means "fighting alone". All technologically advanced countries in the world do not achieve themselves by fighting alone. In a certain sense, it can be said that the technology and capability competition between China and the United States around the chip industry is not only a contest of relying on their own strengths to compete in technological research and development capabilities, but also a contest of whether they can be good at carrying out mutually beneficial cooperation with chip-related companies around the world. As a country whose chip technology is not advanced enough, China needs to improve its foreign exchanges and improve its technological level to break through the siege and blockade initiated by the United States on China in the semiconductor field. China should work hard to improve the geopolitical environment, ensure a loose space for foreign exchanges, carry out mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation with chip design and manufacturing companies in the world that can cooperate and communicate with it, and create a friendly cooperation environment for foreign high-tech enterprises in China. public opinion environment.

3. Conclusion

If China wants to make a breakthrough in the chip competition between China and the United States, it must not be "stuck" in chip technology, and win the battle against key core technologies. The most fundamental thing is to rely on self-reliance and technological innovation. But self-reliance is by no means alone. China must insist on technological breakthroughs and actively carry out mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation with chip design and manufacturing companies around the world. All in all, China must unite chip-related companies in the world that have been squeezed out and suppressed by the US government, including the United States, to jointly fight against the US government's chip Cold War policy, break the US chip monopoly and blockade, and compete in global chip technology and industries. Open up a new pattern in cooperation with us.

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• US China chip war: reality, logic and thinking - Part 1